Pathology Lessons

Pathology

Disease Processes & Lesion Recognition

Examine each slide systematically — architecture first, then cellular detail — before reading the annotated lesson notes.

Take Spot Test All Categories

Lessons

Easy

Medium

Hard

15 lessons Go to Spot Test

Medium

GI Pathology

Acute Appendicitis

Transmural neutrophilic inflammation of the appendix — hyperplastic lymphoid follicles, luminal obstruction, peritoneal fibrin exudate.

Chronic Cholecystitis

Rokitansky–Aschoff sinuses, mononuclear infiltrate, sub-epithelial fibrosis, and smooth-muscle hypertrophy — almost always gallstone-associated.

Gastritis

Lymphocytic and neutrophilic mucosal inflammation with spiral H. pylori in the mucus layer — gastric pit distortion and intestinal metaplasia in chronic cases.

Peptic Ulcer

Full-thickness mucosal defect with four-zone base (exudate → necrosis → granulation → scar) — sharply punched-out edges, vessels at ulcer floor.

TB Granuloma

Central caseous necrosis, Langhans giant cells with horseshoe nuclei, epithelioid macrophages, lymphocytic rim — classic delayed hypersensitivity reaction.

Leiomyoma

Whorled fascicles of spindle smooth-muscle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei — commonest uterine neoplasm, oestrogen-dependent, low mitotic activity.

Lipoma

Lobules of mature adipocytes with clear cytoplasm and peripheral nuclei, delicate fibrovascular septa — no atypia, no lipoblasts, no mitoses.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Keratin pearls, desmosomal bridges, polygonal eosinophilic cells with stromal invasion — arises from squamous epithelium or squamous metaplasia.

Hodgkin's Disease

Pathognomonic Reed–Sternberg cells with owl-eye nucleoli (CD15+, CD30+) in a mixed inflammatory background — B-cell malignancy, bimodal age distribution.

Adenocarcinoma

Irregular malignant glands, abundant intraluminal mucin, invasion through muscularis mucosae, desmoplastic stroma — affects colon, stomach, lung, pancreas.

Fatty Liver

Macro-vesicular steatosis with ballooned hepatocytes and dilated central vein — centrilobular distribution in NAFLD and alcoholic liver disease.

Chronic Venous Congestion (Liver)

Dilated central veins, centrilobular haemorrhagic necrosis, periportal fatty change — 'nutmeg liver' from right heart failure back-pressure.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Cystic glands with papillary projections, double-layer epithelium (columnar + cuboidal basal), corpora amylacea — DHT-driven periurethral zone hyperplasia.

Fibroadenoma

Biphasic benign tumour with fibrous stroma compressing ducts into epithelial clefts — commonest breast tumour in women under 30, well-circumscribed.

Carcinoma In Situ

Full-thickness cervical dysplasia with SMILE lesion — undifferentiated cells filling crypts, increased mitoses throughout, intact basement membrane.

9 min

Open

Ready to be tested?

Take the Pathology Spot Test — 15 shuffled slides, point-writing, instant scoring.

Start Spot Test